Socioeconomic Position, Kidney Outcomes, and Mortality: A Longitudinal Cohort Study from the All of Us Research Program

Background: Socioeconomic position is associated with kidney disease, but it remains unclear whether these differences are greater for worsening kidney function than for a first recorded diagnosis. We examined how household income, education, and neighborhood deprivation relate to mortality and kidney outcomes. Methods and findings: We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 218,098 individuals using data from the All of Us Research Program, with follow-up to January 1, 2025. Primary outcomes involved all-cause mortality and sustained 40% estimated glomerular filtration rate decline.

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