SGLT2 Inhibitors in Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes

**Background:** Evidence supporting sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor use in stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains limited because major randomized trials have largely excluded this population. We evaluated associations between SGLT2 inhibitor use and cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with stage 5 CKD. **Methods:** We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar through April 10, 2026. Studies comparing SGLT2 inhibitors with nonuse or other glucose-lowering therapies were eligible. Hazard ratios (HRs) were pooled using random-e

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