Epidemiology of zero-dose among children aged 12-35 months in Ethiopia: Burden, correlates and spatial patterns; Evidence from a 2025 national survey

Background: Children who have not received the first dose of a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-containing vaccine are classified as zero-dose. Understanding how many children remain without this dose beyond infancy, the correlates, and their geographic distribution can inform routine and catch-up vaccination services in Ethiopia. This study aimed to estimate the burden of zero-dose, identify its correlates, and map its spatial distribution among children aged 12-35 months in Ethiopia. Methods: We analyzed data from 2,097 children aged 12-35 months in the Pathways for Ethiopia survey, a recent nat

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