The Influence of Long-Term Supplementation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP28 on NK Cell Activity and Upper Respiratory Symptoms in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background: Population aging and immunosenescence pose immense challenges to healthcare systems by increasing susceptibility to infections. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP28 (L. plantarum LP28) is a strain isolated from traditional Taiwanese dried tofu with significant immunomodulatory potential. Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of long-term L. plantarum LP28 supplementation in common cold prevention and its effect on systemic immune biomarkers in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Methods: In this 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 102 middle-aged and

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