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medRxiv PreprintsInternational10 November 2026

Retinopathy is more common, but age-related macular degeneration carries more visual impairment: a cross-sectional study of US adults graded from the same fundus photographs

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Background Retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the most common findings on fundus photographs of older adults, yet their frequency, correlates and visual consequences have been estimated in separate samples. We compared them in a national survey that graded both from the same images. Methods We analyzed 5593 adults aged >=40 years in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2008 with photographs gradable for both conditions. We estimated survey-weighted prevalence, fitted identically specified logistic models for retinopathy (participants with diabete
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