Investigating Indirect Genetic Effects on Neurodevelopmental Traits Across Development and Reporters: Triangulating Twin-comparison and Trio-PGS Approaches

Polygenic associations with neurodevelopmental traits may reflect both direct and indirect genetic effects. However, evidence separating these effects is limited and mixed, and rarely spans development or reporters, or triangulates across methods. We triangulated twin-comparison and trio-based analyses in the Twins Early Development Study, using eight polygenic scores (PGS) and repeated parent, teacher and self-reports of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) traits from ages 4 to 26. Analyses included up to 7,259 offspring with observed or imputed

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