Vitamin D supplementation to prevent tuberculosis infection and disease: systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Background: Several randomised controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of tuberculosis infection and disease have been conducted, but no individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis has been conducted. Methods: We conducted a systematic review, one-stage and two-stage IPD meta-analysis (PROSPERO CRD420251173446) of double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of tuberculosis infection or disease. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to October 29, 2026. The co-primary outco

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