Multidimensional deprivation and brain health in older adults in rural northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional community-based study

Introduction: Dementia and late-life depression are rising rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa, yet prevention frameworks remain focused on individual behaviour. Multidimensional poverty is a plausible structural determinant of brain health but is rarely assessed. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis of the community-based Akili Mali study assessed adults aged 60 years and older in three rural communities in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Outcomes were the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), IDEA cognitive screen, CERAD ten-word list, and verbal fluency. Deprivation was measured with a nine-indic

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