The toll of an early bell? School start time and adolescent sleep quality in Flanders, Belgium

Study objectives: Adolescent sleep deprivation is a major public health concern, with insufficient and poor-quality sleep associated with adverse physical, mental and cognitive outcomes. Early school start times may contribute to sleep restriction by conflicting with the biologically delayed sleep patterns that emerge during puberty. This study examined the effect of school start times on sleep duration and sleep quality among secondary school students. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2022 Flemish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, including 12,329 adolescents from gra

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