Syndemic burden, menopause, and cardiovascular risk among midlife and older women with and without HIV

Midlife and older women living with HIV often carry several co-occurring social and behavioral stressors, and how that accumulated burden relates to cardiovascular risk is not well described. We examined whether cumulative syndemic burden was associated with estimated 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among women aged 45 years and older, and whether menopause stage modified it. Data came from the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study, a multisite United States cohort, for visits between October 2020 and March 2025. The full sample included 1,993 women, 1,446 of them living with

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