Serum Raman spectroscopy as a blood-based triage test for bladder cancer: a retrospective proof-of-concept study

Background Bladder cancer remains one of the most common urological malignancies. Current diagnostic pathways rely heavily on cystoscopy, an invasive investigation with significant cost and resource implications. A rapid blood-based assay capable of improving patient stratification before cystoscopy could reduce unnecessary invasive investigations while maintaining diagnostic sensitivity. Methods Archived serum samples from patients with histologically confirmed bladder cancer and symptomatic control subjects were analysed using dried-serum Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra were incorporated i

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