Perioperative non-invasive brain stimulation for the prevention of postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Background: Postoperative delirium is a common perioperative complication. Early randomised trials suggested that non-invasive brain stimulation may reduce postoperative delirium, whereas the recent MODEST trial found no preventive benefit. We synthesised the randomised evidence for perioperative non-invasive brain stimulation. Methods: We searched eight bibliographic databases and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to 30 September 2026 for randomised controlled trials of perioperative non-invasive brain stimulation in adults undergoing surgery. The primary outcome was postoperative delirium. R

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