Maternal mortality risk among Black women in Brazil: a nationwide spatial consensus approach

Although preventable, maternal mortality remains a global challenge. Its burden is disproportionately concentrated in low- and middle-income settings. Substantial subnational geographical variations also persist within countries, driven by underlying socioeconomic disparities and unequal access to quality healthcare services. Here we propose a spatial consensus framework combining frequentist and Bayesian models to overcome variance instability in small-area estimates, mapping maternal mortality risk among Black women in Brazil to guide equitable public health interventions. Using nationwide s

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