Integrated Metabolomics Identifies Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Membrane Remodeling, and Reduced Lipophilic Antioxidant Defenses in First-Episode Simple Dysmood Disorder

Background: Metabolomic abnormalities in major depression have largely been investigated at the level of individual metabolites. We hypothesized that coordinated metabolic pathways, rather than isolated biomarkers, characterize first-episode simple dysmood disorder (FE-SDMD). Methods: Untargeted LC-MS metabolomics was performed in plasma from 44 FE-SDMD patients and 44 healthy controls. Differential metabolites were identified using Wilcoxon tests with false discovery rate correction and integrated with complementary machine-learning approaches. Curated metabolites were grouped into biological

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