Identifying shared and parasite-specific determinants of Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni co-infection in a large-scale community-based study in rural Uganda

Malaria and schistosomiasis are co-endemic across much of sub-Saharan Africa, yet it remains unclear whether co-infections reflect shared risk factors, unexplained biological determinants, or chance co-occurrence. We analysed data collected at recruitment from 4290 individuals aged 5-90 years across 52 villages in rural Uganda within the SchistoTrack cohort. A bivariate copula model was developed to separate shared and disease-specific associations from residual dependence. Prevalence was 41.47% for Schistosoma mansoni, 41.19% for Plasmodium falciparum, and 18.51% for co-infection. Prevalence

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