Causal effects of early-life traits on lung function trajectory: a Mendelian randomization study

Rationale At least half of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) occurs in individuals with subnormal preceding lung function trajectory. Identifying which early-life phenotypes causally influence risk of adverse trajectories could facilitate disease prevention. Objectives Using Mendelian randomization (MR), we investigated whether previous early-life phenotypic associations with lower trajectories are compatible with a causal effect. Methods Outcomes were lower FEV1 trajectory groups from latent profile analysis in participants with [≥]2 measurements at ages 8, 15, 24 or 30 in the A

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