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medRxiv PreprintsInternational6 November 2026

Biomarker-Informed Phenotyping of the Heart Failure Continuum: A Population-Based Evaluation of the Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure

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Objective: To develop and evaluate a biomarker-informed, computable phenotype of the heart failure (HF) continuum, aligned with 2026 AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus, using NHANES and linked mortality data, and to determine whether this phenotype identifies subgroups with distinct mortality risks. Methods: We analyzed 11,477 U.S. adults aged [≥]20 years from the 1999-2004 NHANES cycles who participated in the surplus-sera biomarker substudy and were linked to National Death Index follow-up. Participants were classified into four phenotypes according to the 2026 Universal Definition of Heart
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