Air sampling for facility-based respiratory pathogen surveillance in rural Zambia: a prospective comparison with human surveillance

Respiratory infections are the leading cause of acute disease incidence globally and disproportionately burden low- and middle-income countries where surveillance capacity is limited. While facility-based surveillance remains the standard for respiratory pathogen monitoring in human populations, environmental air sampling offers potential advantages as a non-invasive supplementary method. We conducted a prospective environmental air sampling study nested within ongoing respiratory disease surveillance at Macha Hospital in Southern Province, Zambia, from July 2025 to June 2026. Air samplers wer

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