Accuracy and precision of visual acuity tests: A systematic review and meta-analysis across testing strategies

Purpose: Visual acuity (VA) testing has expanded from examiner-guided to examinee self-guided assessments, yet measurement variability may limit clinical utility. This meta-analysis investigated VA-test's intertest and test-retest accuracy and precision across different testing strategies. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus for VA validation studies published between 1 January 1983 to 02 December 2024. Eligible studies reported intertest or test-retest Bland-Altman mean bias and limits of agreement (LoA); objective VA assessments and correlatio

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