A Global Atlas of Immune Alleles Reveals Health-Relevant Variation Across Groups

Immune allele frequencies inform disease association mapping, pharmacogenomic guidance, and vaccine design, yet such data are missing for most of the world's groups. Here we present the Global Atlas of Immune Alleles (GAIA), applying benchmarked genotyping tools across the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA), Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Constant (IGHC), and Fc Gamma Receptor (FCGR) loci to whole-genome sequencing data from 20,248 individuals, oversampling sub-Saharan African, Island Southeast Asian, and Pacific groups. Despite representing fewer than 0.5% of observations in the Allele Frequency Net D

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