A Blood-Based Synaptic Biomarker in Neuronally-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Predicts Disability Progression in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) lacks blood-based biomarkers of the neurodegenerative processes driving disability. We measured synaptopodin, a postsynaptic protein, in neuronal-enriched extracellular vesicles (NEVs) across two independent cohorts: the SPRINT-MS trial (n=184) and a real-world validation cohort (n=268). A one SD increase in baseline synaptopodin was associated with ~32% lower risk of confirmed disability progression in PMS (p=0.011), with the strongest effect in secondary PMS (SPMS) (~57% lower odds, p=0.019). This SPMS association was replicated in the validation cohort (

This content is for informational purposes only and is not medical advice. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplement, treatment, or program — especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or managing a health condition.