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medRxiv PreprintsInternational11 October 2026

Longitudinal Associations between the Built Environment, Biological Aging and Cognition

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Features of urbanicity have been linked to poor psychiatric health in adulthood, but little is known about their relationship with biological age and cognition earlier in life. Using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we tested associations between the built environment and epigenetic ages (EpiAgeAltum, EpiAgeHorvath, EpiAgePACE) (n=2,452), brain age (n=751), and cognition (n=12,199). Analyses were replicated in Generation R and triangulated in the Millennium Cohort Study. The built environment was not associated with epigenetic ages ({beta}Altum range = 0.013-0.015,
— medRxiv Preprints
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