Intracortical microstimulation evokes diverse electrode-specific phosphenes in the early visual cortex of blind individuals

Purpose: Electrical stimulation of the occipital cortex evokes visual percepts known as phosphenes. To date, most human studies have examined phosphenes elicited by large surface or depth electrodes. These differ considerably from the small penetrating intracortical microelectrodes capable of stimulating highly localized cortical populations that are the basis of current next-generation devices. Here, we provide a detailed characterization of phosphenes evoked by such intracortical microelectrodes. Methods: As part of the CORTIVIS clinical trial, a Utah Electrode Array with 100 penetrating ele

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