EEG signatures at ascending vs descending propofol vs sevoflurane concentrations analyzed with BIS and a State-Chart Score

Background: Depth of anesthesia is routinely monitored using electroencephalographic (EEG) indices such as the Bispectral Index (BIS), which reduce cortical activity to a single numerical real-time series. However, these scalar descriptors fail to capture inter-individual variability, drug-specific EEG signatures, and transitions between brain states. Methods: We analyzed transient EEG patterns during general anesthesia induced by propofol and sevoflurane in 89 patients. Iso-electric suppressions (IES), $alpha$-suppressions, and spectral power in the $alpha$ and $delta$ bands were quantified a

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