Cumulative Vulnerability and Modern Contraceptive Use in Nigeria: A Latent Class Analysis of the 2018 and 2024 Demographic and Health Surveys

Modern contraceptive use in Nigeria remains low and unequally distributed. Existing research has extensively examined socioeconomic and demographic determinants, but less is known about how multiple dimensions of disadvantage coexist and relate to contraceptive use. This study identified distinct profiles of cumulative vulnerability among Nigerian women, examined inequalities in modern contraceptive use across these profiles, and assessed changes between 2018 and 2024. We analyzed pooled cross-sectional data from the 2018 and 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys, comprising 80,871 women

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