Cost-optimal transmission reduction in early pandemic response: a multi-objective health-economic modelling study across 110 countries

Background: Early pandemic responses must balance transmission control against socioeconomic costs but the strategy that minimises total costs and whether it varies by country remain unknown. We analysed country-specific cost-optimal intervention strategies and examined whether national indices could inform response targets. Methods: We fitted mechanistic models to the first year of reported COVID-19 cases in 110 countries and assessed structural identifiability and parameter uncertainty. Multi-objective optimisation identified efficient trade-offs between transmission reduction and infections

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