Temporal Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance Among Clinically Important Pathogens in Iraq, 2021-2024: Implications for Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy

To characterise temporal changes in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among clinically important bacterial pathogens in Iraq during 2021-2024 and examine their implications for empirical antimicrobial therapy and stewardship. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal analysis of aggregated national AMR surveillance data for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Annual resistance proportions were evaluated across clinically relevant antimicrobials. Temporal change was characterised using absolute percentage-point changes and exploratory linear r

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