Increasing risks of recurrence following community-associated Clostridioides difficile infection in Oxfordshire 2000-2025

Background Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality, with increasing incidence in some countries post-COVID-19. Recurrence affects 10-20% of CDI patients: whether risk factors have changed over time is unclear, particularly post-COVID-19. Methods Using electronic health records from hospitals in Oxfordshire, UK, including results from community samples, we estimated the incidence of CDI recurrence across different calendar periods between 2000-2025. To investigate whether risk factors had changed over time, we used interaction tests within

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